土木工程师手册.pdf

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1、!#$%&!#$%&!#$%&!#$%&!#$%()*&()%+,-./01!#$%&()*&+*,&)*%-./,*23.)4+,%/+-%5678)9:;?ABC&./%*/+D+EF.0*/+D+E56F.G9:01%,0/H!#$%&()*+,-.!#$%&254!#$%&264/0()*+,-./0123456+780,.9:;,.?A0BCD+EFGHIJ120KL+MNHO80PQ12RSTUVWXYZO8:R_abcde0fghi+jkHlm40nopnqRrs+=0?t./uvwxyz|4p|0?t./Ra!LR#W$%+&H(4F)120*+O,-./0h12R-A3H45

2、4?t6789:;+4?t6789 p4AB?t6789 p4CD?t6789 p 4Ea?t6789 p 4FG?t6789 WHI+AB?t0JKLKMNip,.i+&(AB?t120*+O,OP5 4 Q R 04 S T?t U?V W X Y q Z9!#$%$%$%p 4A_?tU?VWXYqZ9!#$%$&%$%p 4_?tU?VWXYqZ9!#$%$%$%a+bH4AB?t6789 W78:cdeHAB?t_7fgh0ij_kpSlT?tpA!Rmn?ta+opqrAB?tstpU?uvpAB?twWpAB?tEw./p?t_xyap?tC-zH|+C!zha#:$+h%&j+

3、$?t()*+p,-*+W;3.t7+/0HW0t12+;%3456S78+opO,C!zh9:9%+;?+A!LBCY%WD=ACE+7FGHIJK+LM=NAO,W!%$&#($12234()*!#$+,!#$%&()*+,-.I!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMNOPQRSTI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMNOPVWSTIJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMNOPYZSI#$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMNOP_I#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#01234I#&JK

4、KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMabcdefI#&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMgbcefI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMhgbcefI!(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMijklI)*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmMklnoOI)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!5#67$I)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMpqnr!PNOI)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMnr!PSsIJKKK

5、KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMnr!TtuvwxyzI(!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!8#90()I(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMkl|eNOI(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM!eNOIJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!:#;()IJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM#$%NOP&sw(IJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM#$%NOP$%SI#*#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM)($%NOI#*$JKKKKKKKKKKKKK

6、KKKKKKKKKKKK!?#$%&A(I#*&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM*P+,-.dI#*&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM*NP/0STI#*(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM*NP12#x34567R-89I#$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFM*NP:;wI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM?!I!#$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMeABI!#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(-*./0#12!#+H&DII!

7、#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMCjDI!#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMEFDI!$&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMGVHIJI!%$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMKLIMJI!%&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#$JDII!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMN!JI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMOPJI!(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM$

8、QJI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMRSTUJI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmMVSTUJI!(%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFWMXYJI!)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!5#KLDII!(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMZJI!(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMJI#)(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM_JI#)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMa#bcJI

9、#$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmMdeJI#*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!8#67$DII#$#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMnr!fgJI#$#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMnr!fghIiJI#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMnr!EFjI#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!:#MNDII#&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMGk(HlJI#&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFU

10、MEFHlJI#*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMmnJoI#(!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!?#=&DII#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMpJoI#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMqrJoI#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM&sJF#tI$)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!B#O&DI*PQRI$)(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMa#Jouovw(xyI$)(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

11、KKKFUMa#Joz1Mw(xyI$)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK|#|FXMa#Jo!#RI!#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(3*!#$45!#ST+,UVI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMY$P%&-(I!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMY)*+P,I!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM(eX)-.$)P/yI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#O&STWXI!&$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMa#0tP12-k(I!&$JKKKK

12、KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMa#0tP3*I!&$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMa#0tP|45yI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!5#YZSTI!&%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM6y0t5RI!&%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMeX670I!&(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM89670I!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFM:;B?B?e=I!#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!:#&O&STI!$JKKKK

13、KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMCDI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMEFG0I!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMEF0tI!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFM#Q+0tI!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmMHI+0tI!%(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK254!?#2_&STI!*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMIlwJK#$0tCDI!*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMLF0tI!*!JKKKKK

14、KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMM4NO)0tI!*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMIla#0tI)#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmM#Ia#0tI)$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFWMJKa#0tI)(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK|!|FPMQIa#0tI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!B#STabI!#$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM0tRSCDI!#$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMTt:y

15、PUI!#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMV0XWX5RI!#!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!c#STde*fg2hiI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM0t=jPYZI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM*PZI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMe=PZI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMB=PZI!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmM0t=jP_aI!&#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(6*!#$7489!#jSkl+HU

16、VI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM0bcdP-3SI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM0bcdPGefg3SI!($JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM0bcdhP5ywUI!(#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#+m&O&jSI!(%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMi0=j-ABI!(%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMi0AjklI!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMi0mnwi0moI!)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!5#no

17、&jSI!)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMpq#$i0PPI!)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMpq#$i0P3*412-/0&rI&$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMi0AjklI&*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMi0na-i0sOtu.vI&*#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!8#pqrstO&jSI&*)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMwxIi0Pyz-PI&*)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMwxIi0P-ABI&$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMwxI

18、i0AjPklI&*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!:#&;uvwjSI&%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMCDI&%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM|$uvP!ci0I&#*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM%i0X)uvPI&#&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFM+#i0ABI&#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmM$%i0I&!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK|!|(:*;!#x;syWXI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM&(P

19、).I!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM(*Pkl5yI!#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM&(#P+,-.I!#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFM(P+.FI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#&z;syWXI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM#/#P.dI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMR0;P-d1I!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM;1)PP2k3I!&#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMR0;P+.FI!&JKKKKKKK

20、KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!5#|*!#ss$I!&%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM4?I!&%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM|5w|5KI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM(67cI!$#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFM89KI!$(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmM:cKw;KI!(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFWM;?4I!(#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!8#|*%&s$I!(JKKKKKKKKKKK

21、KKKKKKKKKKKKFLMAI!(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM()I!%)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMBCI!%&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!:#&z;()I&)*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM#/3PCDI&)*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMEF#I&)!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMGH_#I&)(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMI#I&#*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

22、KKKKKKKKKKKKK(?*#$=ABCD!#WXI&#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM_P.dI&#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMnr!_I&*#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM*_I&*!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFME7_I&*&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#A*+,RI&*(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM*KPxyI&*(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK|!|FUM*KPJyI

23、!#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM*KPK7LI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMKPM)LI!$%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!5#-(.Ms$/01*+,RI!$&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMNOE7PHQI!$&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUME7M)PHI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMROE7QI!(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!8#67$/01*+,RI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMS)PTUQ

24、VI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM%S)PVUQVI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMPWUQVI%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!:#23167$#s*+,RI)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMXYVnr!P|4CDI)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMX2YVPABI)!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMXYVnr!.dI)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMXYVnr!NOZtI)*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmMXYVI#%JKKKK

25、KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFWMXYVPfg-M)UHI#&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(E*#$FG!#415+,UVI$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM|4CDI$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMGVW|4RI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMV_I&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMVI$(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFmMVPX#RI$)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFWMab-abcVI$#

26、JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#6-vw(41578+,UVI$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM%d7P|4ekI$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMfQ%P|4%I$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM1VwYVI$*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFM%-YI$&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!5#9:*N*+I!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMCDI!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMVg-hHPn(lVI!)J

27、KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMVgijkwVYVl+RI!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!8#*31;&?*3AI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM*Onr!KPV.vI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM89Pn(lVI!&!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM$!APV.vI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMl|LS.vI#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK264(H*IJKJL#$!#WBI#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM!V

28、W4Y|5PCDI#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMY|5klY%&P|4pQI#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMY|w|5#$PSI#($JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#p+?*31I#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM(YVlVI#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM|)HV3lVI#(%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMY|!LP*2YVlVI#(&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!5#p+vw*+I#)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM!P

29、H+SI#)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMY|,-%tlVI#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMY|%w5.P/cI#)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFMY|%3012%XI#)#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!8#p+CDI#*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMY|34PP45612I#*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMY|34PABI#*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMY|34moI#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!:#p+/01I

30、#%)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM|47I#%)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMY|UQVP,I#%*JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK|!|FXMY|%12XI!#JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!?#p+EFGRklI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMXHBI!$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMmnBI!%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMxmBI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

31、FMEvBI!&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!B#Hw+HI&#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMY|lVI&#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM8%|5P_klw*7I&#)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!c#I+HI&(!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMRIUQVP,I&(!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMI|lVI&*!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMU9PklwlVI&)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

32、KKKKKFMI|5Pkl:;I&)(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!J#K+HI&)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMCDI&)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMNO=|5a#I&)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM*Onr!|5a#I&%!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!L#MN+HI&)JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMNO|5I&!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMA?*Onr!p%|5I&!JKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

33、KKKKKK!L#+m&I&$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMA_I&$JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMR*_I(#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXMV*_I(#%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(M*!NOPQ#$!#$J&WXI(#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLM!P.dI(#(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUM!P#$STI(#(&JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFXM!PBCDEABI(#$(JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK!/#$J&T*+I(#$%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFLMFG4|H4lI!AlVI(#$%JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKFUMCYXK!AtlVI(#*