人工智能专业英语Unit 4.pptx

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1、Unit 4 Search Methods in Artificial Intelligence人工智能专业英语 教学课件ContentsPart 1 Reading and TranslatingSection A:Heuristic SearchSection B:Genetic AlgorithmsPart 2 Simulated Writing:Using Presentation Software to WritePart 3 Listening&SpeakingDialogue:Search Methods in Artificial IntelligenceListening C

2、omprehension:A*SearchDictation:Heuristic Search TechniquesSection A:Heuristic SearchWordsstrawberrystrbri n.草莓gutgt adj.本能的，直觉的，简单的tastyteisti adj.美味的functionfkn n.函数ratingreiti n.等级评定，等级traversaltrvrs()l n.遍历Section A:Heuristic SearchPhrasesuninformed search 盲目搜索trust in 信任decide on 选定，决定subject to

3、 受制于prefer over 更喜欢Section A:Heuristic SearchExercisesI.Read the following statements carefully,and decide whether they are true(T)or false(F)according to the text._ 1It is guaranteed that the best node(that is,the one with the lowest heuristic value)is always at the end of the list._ 2There is a de

4、licate difference between the effort to find a solution and the total cost of this solution._ 3The worst heuristic would be a function that calculates the actual costs from each node to the goal._ 4Finding a good solution quickly is better than finding an optimal solution._ 5Modeling a heuristic mat

5、hematically can use a heuristic evaluation function f(s)for states.Section A:Heuristic SearchII.Choose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the text.1Which of the following is very expensive to derive?AA solution that is optimalBA good solution found quicklyCA good solutio

6、n found slowlyDAll of the above2Which of the following is guaranteed?AThe best node(that is,the one with the lowest heuristic value)is always in the middle of the list.BThe best node(that is,the one with the lowest heuristic value)is always at the end of the list.CThe best node(that is,the one with

7、the lowest heuristic value)is always at the beginning of the list.DNone of the aboveSection A:Heuristic SearchII.Choose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the text.3What kind of difference is there between the effort to find a solution and the total cost of this solution

8、 according to this text?AA subtle differenceBA simple differenceCAn obvious differenceDNone of the aboveSection A:Heuristic SearchIV.Translate the following passage into ChineseTravelling Salesman ProblemA salesman wants to travel to N cities(he should pass by each city).How can we order the cities

9、so that the salesmans journey will be the shortest?The objective function to minimize here is the length of the journey(the sum of the distances between all the cities in a specified order).To start solving this problem,we need:Configuration setting:This is the permutation of the cities from 1 to N,

10、given in all orders.Selecting an optimal one between these permutations is our aim.Rearrangement strategy:The strategy that we will follow here is replacing sections of the path,and replacing them with random ones to retest if this modified one is optimal or not.The objective function(which is the a

11、im of the minimization):This is the sum of the distances between all the cities for a specific order.Section B:Genetic AlgorithmsWordspopulationppjulein n.种群fitnessftns n.适应度，健康recombinationri,kmbinei()n;,rikmb-n.重组mutationmjutein n.变异，突变offspringfspri n.后代，子孙crossoverkrsuv(r)n.组合交叉nomenclaturenmekl

12、t(r)n.术语，命名法 stuckstk adj.（因困难）无法继续的，停滞不前的stochasticstkstik n.随机的，猜测的Section B:Genetic AlgorithmsPhrasesend up with 以告终，以结束local optimum 局部最优，局部优化come into play （使）开始起作用Section B:Genetic AlgorithmsNotes1 遗传算法（genetic algorithm）是计算机科学人工智能领域中用于解决最优化的一种搜索启发式算法，是进化算法的一种。这种启发式通常用来生成有用的解决方案来优化和搜索问题。进化算法最初

13、是借鉴了进化生物学中的一些现象而发展起来的，这些现象包括遗传、突变、自然选择以及杂交等。遗传算法在适应度函数选择不当的情况下有可能收敛于局部最优，而不能达到全局最优。Section B:Genetic AlgorithmsExercisesI.Read the following statements carefully,and decide whether they are true(T)or false(F)according to the text._ 1The concept of selection is inspired by the theory of artificial se

14、lection._ 2Crossover is also called recombination._ 3Mutation might make that individual better or worse than existing individuals._ 4An evaluation function is also referred to as a fitness function._ 5A genetic algorithm is a kind of heuristic algorithm.Section B:Genetic AlgorithmsII.Choose the bes

15、t answer to each of the following questions according to the text.1Which of the following probabilistic operators do we apply in order to generate the next generation of individuals?ASelectionBCrossoverCMutationDAll of the above2Which kind of algorithm does a genetic algorithm belong to?AK-MeansBHeu

16、risticCDQNDQ-learningSection B:Genetic AlgorithmsII.Choose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the text.3What do we need to have in order to apply crossover and mutation?ASelection criteriaBRecombinationCRandom changesDNone of the aboveSection B:Genetic AlgorithmsIV.Trans

17、late the following passage into Chinese.Evolutionary ProgrammingWhen applied to the task of program development,the genetic algorithm approach is known as evolutionary programming.Here the goal is to develop programs by allowing them to evolve rather than by explicitly writing them.Researchers have

18、applied evolutionary programming techniques to the program development process using functional programming languages.The approach has been to start with a collection of programs that contain a rich variety of functions.The functions in this starting collection form the gene pool from which future g

19、enerations of programs will be constructed.One then allows the evolutionary process to run for many generations,hoping that by producing each generation from the best performers in the previous generation,a solution to the target problem will evolve.2.1 Simulated Writing:Using Presentation Software

20、to Write使用Microsoft PowerPoint(最常用)或其他软件，如Apple Keynote或OpenOffice Impress,能很快、很容易地创建形象化元素，并且可将图像、声音、电影、动画、视频的网上链接包括进来。一种新的软件Prezi可以提供更多的选择。在到处都是图像、电子通信的时尚世界里，PowerPoint或类似的软件常被认为是企业不可或缺的工具。2.1 Simulated Writing:Using Presentation Software to Write使用演示软件可以做以下事情：用不同的颜色、底纹、纹理创建幻灯片。创建绘画或曲线图，导入剪贴图、照片、其他

21、图像。创建有动画效果的文本和图像。例如，每点击一次进入一条符号列表项，或者图形中的纵向条形和横向条形逐个加亮，强调数据中的某些特征。创建幻灯片之间的动态过渡，例如一张幻灯片向右侧转换，另一张从左面进入。将每张幻灯片放大。将幻灯片按不同顺序排列。精确设定演讲时间。在计算机屏幕上、大型投影仪上、网页上、投影机上显示出演示，或打印出来作为讲义分发。2.2 Using Presentation Software to Write-Introduction下面以PowerPoint为例，进行具体地讲解如何制作幻灯片。简介简介PowerPoint(PPT)演示文稿和海报演示很类似，唯一不同的是PPT是在计

22、算机上用幻灯片来演示，而不是用真正的海报。这种形式往往用来配合口头报告，可以使报告更具说服力。我们还可以加入声音和视觉媒体。幻灯片演示通常用于与一个大的群体分享信息，如专业会议、课堂演示和会议等。幻灯片演示应该更像是报告的提纲。在幻灯片演示中有三个主要元素：文本、图像、表格或图表。文本用以突出主要观点以及关键术语和概念。2.3 Using Presentation Software to Write-Preparation一些准备工作一些准备工作在开始做PPT之前，我们应该先考虑清楚演示的几个关键部分：观众、目的(说服性、增长知识性等)、主题以及陈述。因为一个好的PPT设计应该适合用于演示的场

23、合，因此在开始制作PPT之前，尽量搞清使用何种措辞有助于成功的演示。2.4 Using Presentation Software to Write-Component主要组成部分主要组成部分PPT的幻灯片应该更像一个提纲。文字通常都是将主要内容列出来，而不是完整的句子。以下是几个可以在幻灯片中展示的内容：图表和或表格；解释；列表；基本事实；必要的图片。2.4 Using Presentation Software to Write-Component内容安排内容安排PPT内容的顺序应该取决于观众所需。无论做什么，都要谨慎地组PPT并井井有条地陈述论点，这样观众才会信服我们的论点。以下是一些可

24、以参照的格式。概述、主体、结论(此类格式通常用于帮助观众弄清我们的演示，否则观众可能会被复杂的论点搞糊涂)；轶事、内容、结论(此类格式主要为了防止观众在开始演示之前就已经厌烦)；计划、好处、轶事(此类格式主要用于介绍一些新鲜事物，而且所面对的观众要求我们的演示简短且切题)。2.5 Using Presentation Software to Write-Useful Information其他有用的信息其他有用的信息提倡的内容：为整个PPT选择一个统一背景；使用简单清晰的字体；保证字体足够大，使后排的观众也能看到；在列表中使用项目符号和一致的短语结构；列出基本信息即可，运用关键词来引导读者或观

25、众贯穿整个演示过程；使用直接、简洁的语言，控制文字数量到最少；必要时提供相关的解释；使用空格来隔开文本或图片表格之类的可视组件；保证每张幻灯片之间的联系符合逻辑；为每张幻灯片加上标题。2.5 Using Presentation Software to Write-Useful Information其他有用的信息其他有用的信息避免的内容：在幻灯片中堆满了图表；使用复杂的字体；添加不相干的信息；写下所有要说的话；使用分散观众注意力的图像；颜色搭配难以阅读，如在蓝色背景上使用黑色的字体，尽量使用对比度高的组合。2.6 Using Presentation Software to Write-Sa

26、mple使用使用PowerPoint展示的一个例子如下：展示的一个例子如下：2.6 Using Presentation Software to Write-Sample2.6 Using Presentation Software to Write-Sample2.6 Using Presentation Software to Write-Sample2.6 Using Presentation Software to Write-Sample2.6 Using Presentation Software to Write-Sample2.6 Using Presentation Soft

27、ware to Write-Sample2.6 Using Presentation Software to Write-Sample3.1 Dialogue:Search Methods in Artificial IntelligenceExercisesWork in a group,and make up a similar conversation by replacing the statements with other expressions on the right side.3.1 Dialogue:Search Methods in Artificial Intellig

28、enceWordsinnateineit adj.先天的，固有的，与生俱来的invariablyinveribli adv.总是，不变地，一定地3.1 Dialogue:Search Methods in Artificial IntelligencePhrasesbe of 具有性质simulated-annealing 模拟退火法3.2 Listening Comprehension:A*SearchListen to the article and answer the following 3 questions based on it.After you hear a question

29、,there will be a break of 15 seconds.During the break,you will decide which one is the best answer among the four choices marked(A),(B),(C)and(D).Questions1.A*algorithm is widely used in which areas?(A)Graph-searching(B)Pathfinding(C)Graph traversal(D)All of the above3.2 Listening Comprehension:A*Se

30、archQuestions2Which of the following is not right?(A)A*is an extension of Dijkstras algorithm with some characteristics of deapth-first search(BFS).(B)A*is an extension of Dijkstras algorithm with some characteristics of breadth-first search(DFS).(C)A*works by making a lowest-cost path tree from the

31、 start node to the target node.(D)None of the above3Which of the following is right?(A)A*is a heuristic function.(B)A*is not necessarily provably correct.(C)A*is different from an algorithm in that a heuristic is more of an estimate.(D)All of the above3.2 Listening Comprehension:A*SearchWordspathfin

32、dingp,faindi n.寻找目标，探险3.2 Listening Comprehension:A*SearchPhrasesmore of 更大程度上3.3 Dictation:Heuristic Search TechniquesThis article will be played three times.Listen carefully,and fill in the numbered spaces with the appropriate words you have heard.3.3 Dictation:Heuristic Search TechniquesWordsprohibitivelyprhibtivli adv.过高地，过分地handyhndi adj.有用的，便利的orderd(r)v.整理3.3 Dictation:Heuristic Search TechniquesPhrasesrule of thumb 经验法则narrow down 缩小informed search 启发式搜索stumble upon 偶然发现